In 1961, President Kennedy promised that the United States would put a man on the Moon before the end of the decade. Most experts thought the timeline was ridiculous. All the technology needed to reach the Moon still had to be invented — new rockets, new life-support systems, new computers small enough to fit in a spacecraft. Neither the private companies nor the universities of the time were ready for a project on that scale. And yet, on 20 July 1969, Neil Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface, and by 1972 twelve Americans in total had walked there. None of the six missions ended in disaster in space, although Apollo 13 came dangerously close. Since then, no human being has returned to the Moon. New missions are planned for the late 2020s, but none has yet launched.
