Face lit by green code in the dark, 'ACCESS DENIED' reflected in glasses.
Unit 8 · Digital Lives

8A. Hacked!

B2 · 60–75 min · Apex English

Unit 8 · Quote
"There are two types of companies: those that have been hacked, and those that don't yet know they have been hacked."
John Chambers, former CEO of Cisco
Lesson goals

By the end you will…

  • Use THE PASSIVE across all tenses (present, past, present perfect, future, modal) to shift focus from the doer to the action.
  • Use HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE to talk about services performed by others (a laptop scanned, an account recovered).
  • Use IT IS SAID THAT… / HE IS THOUGHT TO… to report information impersonally.
  • Talk about the internet, cybercrime and account security with B2-level vocabulary.
  • Pronounce the letter U in its three main sounds: /ʌ/ (bug), /juː/ (user), /uː/ (rule).
  • React to a hacking story and give advice in natural spoken English.
  • Write a short cyber-incident report using passive structures.
1. Warm-up

Warm-up · your digital footprint

5 min

Pick ONE prompt and answer for your partner in full sentences — 30 seconds each.

  1. #1The password I've reused the most times is probably…
  2. #2The most convincing scam message I've ever received said…
  3. #3A friend or family member of mine who was hacked is…
  4. #4One account I could NOT afford to lose is…
  5. #5The last time I did a real security check on my accounts was…

💬 Listen for anything that could be said with 'is hacked', 'was stolen', 'has been changed' — those are today's grammar.

2. Lead-in

Lead-in: active or passive?

8 min

Match each active sentence to its passive equivalent. Notice which one sounds more natural in a news headline or an official notice.

📌 Active
  • 1. Hackers stole two million passwords last night.
  • 2. Someone has changed the email on my Instagram account.
  • 3. The bank will refund the money within five working days.
  • 4. A technician is scanning my laptop right now.
  • 5. They should update the software immediately.
  • 6. Someone might have installed a virus on the machine.
🔤 Passive
  • a) The money will be refunded within five working days.
  • b) The software should be updated immediately.
  • c) Two million passwords were stolen last night.
  • d) A virus might have been installed on the machine.
  • e) The email on my Instagram account has been changed.
  • f) My laptop is being scanned right now.
✅ Show suggested matches
  • 1 → c · past simple passive (news style)
  • 2 → e · present perfect passive (recent effect)
  • 3 → a · future passive (official notice)
  • 4 → f · present continuous passive (in progress)
  • 5 → b · modal passive (recommendation)
  • 6 → d · modal perfect passive (past possibility)

💬 Rule of thumb: use the passive when WHO did it is unknown, obvious, or unimportant — that's why it dominates news and official writing.

Hands on a laptop keyboard with a phishing email and a 2FA prompt on a phone
3. Reading

Reading: the day my Instagram was taken over

10 min

It's now widely accepted that no online account is fully safe. Even so, when a message from what appeared to be the Instagram help team arrived in my inbox last spring, I clicked the link. I was told my account would be deleted within twenty-four hours unless I 'verified' my identity. I typed in my email and password. Within ninety seconds, I was locked out. My email had been changed. My phone number had been removed. Ten years of photographs, messages, and small businesses I had followed since school were, suddenly, no longer mine.

What I didn't understand at the time is that I had been phished. The link had taken me to a page that looked exactly like Instagram, but was in fact a copy hosted somewhere in Eastern Europe. As soon as my details were entered, they were captured and used to log in from another country. Two-factor authentication should have been set up years ago — but, like most people, I had put it off. It is thought that around sixty percent of adults still use the same three or four passwords across every account they own.

Recovery, I discovered, is slow. A short video selfie is required — that's how identity is now verified. It was uploaded to Meta the same afternoon, and I waited. Meanwhile, messages were being sent from my account to my followers, asking them to send crypto to a wallet. Several friends replied politely; two, embarrassingly, actually sent money. That money, of course, will never be seen again.

The account was recovered nine days later. I had it scanned by a professional first, in case anything else had been installed. What I learned, once the initial panic passed, is that this is happening to almost everybody. It's said that more than a million social-media accounts are compromised every single day. If you're reading this and you haven't turned on two-factor authentication yet, please close this tab and go and do it now. That single change is thought to block over ninety-nine percent of automated attacks. It's the cheapest insurance policy you'll ever buy.

Comprehension

  1. How did the writer lose control of the account?

  2. Where was the fake page hosted?

  3. According to the article, how is identity verified for recovery now?

  4. What happened while the account was being recovered?

  5. What is the writer's main practical advice?

Cybersecurity vocabulary in context

Match each expression to its closest meaning.

  • phished
  • locked out
  • compromised
  • two-factor authentication (2FA)
  • video selfie
  • wallet (crypto)
4. Vocabulary

Vocabulary: internet & cybersecurity

10 min

At B2, upgrade 'someone stole my password' with the specific verbs and collocations native speakers use — the whole cybersecurity conversation runs on them.

Accounts & access

log in / log out
to enter or leave your account
sign up (for)
to create a new account
a username / a password
the two credentials for logging in
two-factor authentication (2FA)
a second code required alongside the password
reset a password
to create a new password after forgetting it
get locked out
to be prevented from accessing your own account

Cybercrime

hack (into) / be hacked
to break into a system / to have your system broken into
phishing / to phish
fake messages that steal your details
a scam / to scam somebody
a fraudulent scheme; to defraud someone
malware / a virus
malicious software that damages or spies on your device
identity theft
someone using your personal details to pretend to be you
a data breach
when a company loses customer data to attackers

Protection

encrypt / encryption
to scramble data so only the right person can read it
back up (your files)
to save a copy in case the original is lost
a firewall
software that blocks unwanted network traffic
antivirus / security software
programs that detect and remove threats
update / a patch
a fix released to close a security hole
a strong / a weak password
one that is hard / easy to guess

Reactions & advice

compromised
no longer secure — accessed by an unauthorised person
suspicious
looking like it might be a scam
verify (your identity)
to prove that you are who you say you are
report an incident
to tell the authorities about a crime or breach
block an account / a card
to stop it from being used
refund a payment
to give the money back

Practice

Complete each sentence with the correct word or phrase from the box (correct form).

Word bank — drag or tap, then tap a gap
  1. I clicked a link in a message and my details were  drop  — a classic phishing attack.
  2. I couldn't get in this morning — I've been  drop  out of my own account.
  3. The bank  drop  my card as soon as it noticed the unusual payment.
  4. You should turn on two-factor  drop  on every important account.
  5. Companies lose customer data all the time — a major  drop  is reported almost every week.
  6. Never use the same password twice. It has to be a  drop  password, unique to that site.
  7. The scam looks convincing — the email address is  drop , but it's not quite right.
  8. The payment will be  drop  within five working days.
5. Grammar focus

Grammar: the passive & impersonal report structures

15 min

1. The passive — the basic move

ACTIVE: Someone / Hackers + verb + object. PASSIVE: Object + BE + past participle (+ by + doer). • Active: 'Hackers stole two million passwords.' • Passive: 'Two million passwords were stolen (by hackers).' Use it when WHO did it is unknown, obvious, unimportant, or when you want to focus on the RESULT.

2. The passive in every tense

Present simple: 'The account IS BLOCKED.' Present continuous: 'My laptop IS BEING SCANNED right now.' Present perfect: 'My email HAS BEEN CHANGED.' Past simple: 'My details WERE STOLEN yesterday.' Past continuous: 'Messages WERE BEING SENT from my account all night.' Past perfect: 'By 10am the account HAD BEEN DELETED.' Future: 'The money WILL BE REFUNDED within 5 days.' Modal: 'The software SHOULD BE UPDATED.' Modal perfect: 'A virus MIGHT HAVE BEEN INSTALLED.' Rule: only the form of BE changes; the past participle stays the same.

3. HAVE / GET something DONE (causative)

Structure: subject + HAVE / GET + object + past participle. • 'I HAD my laptop SCANNED by a professional.' (I didn't do it myself — I paid someone.) • 'I need to GET my password RESET.' • 'She's HAVING her account RECOVERED at the moment.' Use it for services you arrange for someone else to do FOR you. ✗ 'I scanned my laptop' (I did it myself) — often not what you mean. ✓ 'I HAD my laptop scanned' (a technician did it for me).

4. IT IS SAID THAT… / HE IS THOUGHT TO…

Two impersonal report structures — very common in news and cautious writing. A) IT + BE + reporting verb (past participle) + THAT + clause: • 'IT IS SAID THAT a million accounts are compromised every day.' • 'IT IS THOUGHT THAT the hackers are based in Eastern Europe.' • 'IT IS BELIEVED / REPORTED / ESTIMATED / CLAIMED / RUMOURED THAT…' B) Subject + BE + reporting verb (past participle) + TO-INFINITIVE: • 'The hackers ARE THOUGHT TO BE based in Eastern Europe.' • 'Two-factor authentication IS SAID TO BLOCK 99% of attacks.' • Perfect: 'He IS BELIEVED TO HAVE STOLEN millions.' (about the past) Both patterns hide the source. Great for news, terrible for court testimony.

5. Common mistakes

✗ My account was hack. → ✓ My account was HACKED. (past participle, not base form) ✗ It has stolen. → ✓ It HAS BEEN stolen. (need BE) ✗ I did my laptop scan. → ✓ I HAD my laptop scanned. (causative structure) ✗ Is said that hackers are Russian. → ✓ IT is said that hackers are Russian. (need dummy 'it') ✗ He is thought to be stolen the money. → ✓ He is thought TO HAVE STOLEN the money.

Exercise A — active → passive

Rewrite each sentence in the passive. Don't mention the doer unless it adds information.

  1. Hackers stole two million passwords last month.
  2. Somebody has changed my email address.
  3. The bank is investigating the fraud right now.
  4. They will refund the money within five working days.
  5. You should update the software immediately.
  6. Somebody might have installed a virus on the laptop.
  7. The technician is scanning the laptop.
  8. By midnight, they had blocked all the cards.

Exercise B — HAVE something DONE

Rewrite each sentence with HAVE / GET + object + past participle.

  1. A technician scanned my laptop yesterday.
  2. A specialist recovered her Instagram account.
  3. I need someone to reset my password.
  4. The bank is sending me a new card at the moment.
  5. An expert will check the security tomorrow.
  6. Someone stole my identity — I didn't do anything wrong.

Exercise C — IT IS SAID THAT… / HE IS THOUGHT TO…

Choose the more natural completion.

  1. ___ that a million accounts are hacked every day.
  2. The attackers ___ to be operating from Eastern Europe.
  3. He is believed ___ over ten million pounds in the last year.
  4. Two-factor authentication ___ to block 99% of automated attacks.
  5. It is reported ___ the breach affected thirty thousand customers.
  6. The group ___ to have hacked several government websites last year.

Exercise D — a data-breach news bulletin

Complete the text using ONE form from the box (each used once).

has been discoveredwere stolenis being investigatedwill be contactedshould be changedhave their accountsis saidis thoughthave been installedwill be refunded

A major data breach at online retailer ShopHive (1) ___. The email addresses of about two million customers (2) ___, along with encrypted passwords and, in some cases, home addresses.

The incident (3) ___ by a specialist cybersecurity firm working with the police. All affected customers (4) ___ by email within the next 48 hours. If you have an account with ShopHive, your password (5) ___ immediately, and users are strongly advised to (6) ___ protected with two-factor authentication.

It (7) ___ that the same group is responsible for two similar attacks earlier this year. The attackers (8) ___ to be operating from outside the European Union. Investigators believe fake login pages (9) ___ on compromised advertising networks, capturing details when customers clicked what looked like normal ads.

Any customer who has already been charged fraudulently (10) ___ within ten working days, the company said in a statement.

6. Pronunciation

Pronunciation: the letter U — three sounds

8 min

The letter U in English is a trap: the SAME letter maps to at least three different sounds. Getting the sound right — especially the /juː/ in USER — instantly makes tech vocabulary sound native.

  • Sound 1: short /ʌ/, like in 'up'. → bug, trust, update, username, password, cut.
  • Sound 2: long /juː/, with a Y-glide, like in 'you'. → user, secure, computer, cute, menu, reuse.
  • Sound 3: long /uː/, like in 'too', with NO Y-glide. → rule, truth, include, group, root.
  • Tricky ones: 'router' is usually /ˈruːtə/ (British) or /ˈraʊtər/ (American). Both are accepted.
  • The /juː/ vs /uː/ split is what many learners miss. Practise 'cut' vs 'cute' and 'sue' vs 'sun'.

Listen and repeat (three-sound drill)

Play the drill twice. First time, exaggerate each vowel. Second time, say each word at natural speed.

🎧 Letter-U three-sound drill — listen and repeat
  • /ʌ/ — hack, trust, bug, update, username, password
  • /juː/ — user, secure, computer, cute, menu, reuse
  • /uː/ — rule, truth, include, group, root, route
  • Minimal pairs: but / beauty
  • cut / cute
  • truck / truth
  • sun / sue
  • full / fuel

Practice — say it in context

Read each sentence aloud with a partner. Focus on the U-sound in the underlined word.

  1. The USER should update the software.
  2. A SECURE password includes numbers and symbols.
  3. That message was not from a trusted source.
  4. The COMPUTER has been scanned.
  5. The MENU is at the bottom of the page.
  6. The router needs to be RESET.
7. Listening

Listening: 'my Instagram has been hacked'

12 min

Maya has just had her Instagram taken over. She rings her friend Ben, who's calmer and more tech-literate. Notice how many passives and 'have something done' constructions they use.

🎧 Maya (hacked) rings Ben — two voices

Before you listen

  • Predict: what one mistake did Maya most likely make?
  • Predict: what will Ben advise her to do FIRST?
Show transcript

Speaker A:Ben, my Instagram has been hacked. It's been taken over completely.

Speaker B:Wait, what happened? When did you notice?

Speaker A:This morning. I couldn't log in, so I tried to reset the password — and my email had been changed too.

Speaker B:OK. Did you click on anything strange recently? A weird DM or a link?

Speaker A:Yesterday I got a message from what looked like the Instagram team, saying my account might be deleted. There was a link to 'verify' it. I clicked it, obviously.

Speaker B:That's a classic phishing link. Your login details were probably captured the moment you typed them in.

Speaker A:I feel so stupid. Ten years of photos, and now it's being used to send scam messages to my whole followers list.

Speaker B:Don't beat yourself up. It's said that about a million accounts are compromised every single day. You're not alone.

Speaker A:What do I do now?

Speaker B:First — have you got two-factor authentication set up on your email? Because if your email is protected, the account can still be recovered.

Speaker A:Yes, I did that last year. Thank God.

Speaker B:Good. Then go to Instagram's help centre, report the hack, and upload a video selfie. That's how identity is verified now. It's slow — it might take a week — but it does work.

Speaker A:And meanwhile? People are being messaged from my account right now.

Speaker B:Post a warning from your other social accounts. Tell people the account has been hacked and that any messages from it should be ignored.

Speaker A:OK. I'll do that. And Ben — I need to get my laptop checked as well, don't I?

Speaker B:Definitely. You should have it scanned by a professional. If anything's been installed on it, you don't want to type a new password on that machine.

Speaker A:Right. Coffee? I think I'm going to cry.

Speaker B:Coffee. Come on.

First listen — gist

  1. What has happened to Maya's account?
  2. What was the trigger — how did the attackers get in?
  3. What is Ben's very first practical question?

Second listen — detail

  1. How is identity now verified when recovering an Instagram account?
  2. According to Ben, how many accounts are compromised every day?
  3. What is Maya's account being used for right now?
  4. What should Maya do on her OTHER social accounts?
  5. Why does Ben tell her to get her laptop checked?
  6. Roughly how long does Ben say the recovery might take?
🎧 Authentic Listening · real voices

Phishing and data breaches — how one click can cost millions

Source: VOA Learning English — Technology report (adapted) · Adapted from VOA Learning English (public domain)

B1–B2 · slowed news English≈ 2:15

A short VOA-style report on phishing, data breaches and the three habits that block almost every automated attack. Listen first without the transcript.

Tip: listen ONCE for gist (general meaning), then again with the transcript hidden for detail. Open the transcript only for a third listen.

1. Listen for gist

  • In one sentence, what is the report about?
  • Which single habit is said to block over 99% of automated attacks?
  • What warning is given specifically to young people?

2. Listen for detail

  1. How many phishing complaints were received by the FBI last year?
  2. Why is the real number thought to be much higher?
  3. Who is said to be the most common target?
  4. What should you do if a message claims to be from your bank?
  5. What should be done with a device that has been used to click a suspicious link?

3. Glossary

phishing
fake messages that steal login details
two-factor authentication
a second code alongside the password
a data breach
when a company loses customer data
compromised
no longer secure
a patch / update
a fix that closes a security hole
📄 Show full transcript

From VOA Learning English, this is the Technology report.

Every year, billions of dollars are lost to a form of online crime called phishing. In a phishing attack, a criminal sends an email, a text message, or a social-media message that appears to come from a trusted source, such as a bank, a delivery company, or a well-known technology brand.

The message usually contains a link. When the link is clicked, the user is taken to a fake website that looks almost identical to the real one. Any password or card number typed into that page is captured and sent directly to the attacker.

According to a recent report from the FBI, more than three hundred thousand phishing complaints were received in the United States last year alone. It is thought that the true number is many times higher, because most victims never report the crime. Small businesses are said to be the most common target, but even large companies are regularly affected.

Experts say that most attacks can be prevented with three simple habits. First, two-factor authentication should be turned on for every important account. Second, links in unexpected messages should never be clicked. Third, any device that has been used to click a suspicious link should be scanned by security software as soon as possible.

For young people, one more warning is given. If a stranger online tells you that your account will be closed within twenty-four hours unless you act now, that message is almost certainly a scam. Real companies do not put you under that kind of pressure.

That is the Technology report. I'm Bryan Lynn.

4. Discuss in pairs

  • Has anyone you know been phished? What was the message?
  • Which of the three habits (2FA, no-click, scan) is hardest for you?
  • Should companies be legally forced to tell customers when they've had a breach?
8. Speaking

Speaking: 'the scam I almost fell for'

10 min

In pairs, tell a story about ONE scam, phishing message or hack (real or imagined). You MUST use: (a) 2× passive tenses, (b) 1× HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE, (c) 1× IT IS SAID THAT… or … IS THOUGHT TO…, (d) 3 cybersecurity vocab words from section 4.

Step 1
The message
'I was sent a message saying…'
Step 2
The trap
'The link took me to…'
Step 3
The moment of doubt
'Something didn't feel right — the URL wasn't quite…'
Step 4
The fix
'I had my password reset / I got the account recovered…'
Step 5
The takeaway
'It is said that…'
👀 Show model story

Last winter, I was sent a text saying that a parcel of mine was being held at customs and that a one-pound fee had to be paid. The message looked legitimate — the delivery company's logo was there, and my postcode had been guessed correctly. I clicked. The page asked for card details, and, foolishly, they were typed in. Within about ten minutes, three hundred pounds had been charged to my card from a website I had never heard of. The card was blocked immediately, and I got the money refunded within a week. I also had my phone checked by a colleague in IT, in case anything had been installed. It is said that these scam texts are sent to millions of people every week — and I now believe it. My rule now is simple: no link in any message about money is ever clicked. Ever.

🏆 Extra ⭐ if you slip in a natural HAD MY ___ DONE AND an IT IS THOUGHT THAT clause.

9. Writing

Writing mini-task — 'a short incident report' (100–120 words)

5 min (or homework)

Write a short internal incident report about a real or imagined hack (an account, a card, a company system). You MUST use: 3× passive tenses, 1× HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE, 1× IT IS SAID / THOUGHT THAT, and 3 cybersecurity vocab words from section 4. Underline every target structure.

Glowing blue padlock hovering above a laptop on a background of green code
10. Wrap-up

Wrap-up · three quick prompts

3 min

Three quick prompts. Pick ONE and finish it out loud. Class votes on the sharpest verdict.

Row 1 · Prompt 1 — the confession
The password I really should have changed years ago is…
Row 2 · Prompt 2 — the hindsight
If my main account were hacked tomorrow, the first thing I'd have done is…
Row 3 · Prompt 3 — the belief
It is said that the biggest cybersecurity risk is not technology but…
🎮 Games arena

Play to remember

Two quick games. Earn up to ⭐⭐⭐ stars on each.

🃏 Passives & cybersecurity flashcards

1 / 20

Click to reveal the meaning

🔐 Match: cybersecurity terms (60s)

60s0/8

Tap a word on the left, then its meaning on the right. Beat the clock!

Challenge

End-of-lesson quiz · Hacked!

15 questions · 70% to pass · instant feedback after you submit.

  1. Q1.Rewrite in the passive: 'Someone has changed my email.'

  2. Q2.Rewrite in the passive: 'Hackers stole two million passwords.'

  3. Q3.Pick the correct passive: 'The laptop ___ right now.'

  4. Q4.Pick the correct passive: 'A virus ___ on the machine last week.'

  5. Q5.Which sentence uses HAVE something DONE correctly?

  6. Q6.Complete: 'I need ___ my password ___ before I can log in again.'

  7. Q7.Which is the correct impersonal report structure?

  8. Q8.'The attackers ___ to be based in Eastern Europe.'

  9. Q9.Past reference: 'He is believed ___ over ten million pounds last year.'

  10. Q10.'A second code sent to your phone is called ___.'

  11. Q11.'A large company losing customer data is called a ___.'

  12. Q12.'Fake messages designed to steal login details are called ___.'

  13. Q13.Which word has the /juː/ sound (like YOU)?

  14. Q14.Which word has the /uː/ sound (like TOO, no Y-glide)?

  15. Q15.Which written form is CORRECT?

0/15 answered

📚 Homework

Practise at home

Open the Workbook for extra exercises with answer keys — passives, HAVE something done, IT IS SAID THAT…, cybersecurity vocab and the letter U.