General English B2 · Lesson 8A
Every word and expression from this lesson — with definitions, synonyms and examples.
past reference. 'He IS BELIEVED TO HAVE STOLEN millions.'
❌ WRONG. Correct: 'should HAVE been…'
a second code alongside the password
when a company loses customer data to attackers
software that blocks unwanted network traffic
a fix released to close a security hole
a fix that closes a security hole
one that is hard / easy to guess
a fraudulent scheme; to defraud someone
the two credentials for logging in
when a company loses customer data to attackers
programs that detect and remove threats
to save a copy in case the original is lost
no longer secure — accessed by an unauthorised person
no longer secure — accessed by someone unauthorised
to prove that you are who you say you are
looking like it might be a scam
to scramble data so only the right person can read it
scrambled so only the right person can read it
will be + past participle. 'The money WILL BE REFUNDED.'
to be prevented from accessing your own account
be unable to access your own account
be tricked into typing details on a fake site
to break into a system / to have your system broken into
broken into by an attacker
subject + have/get + object + past participle. 'I HAD my laptop SCANNED.'
someone using your personal details to pretend to be you
IT + be + reporting verb (pp) + THAT + clause. 'IT IS SAID THAT a million accounts are hacked daily.'
unable to access one's own account
to enter or leave your account
malicious software
malicious software that damages or spies on your device
modal + be + past participle. 'The software SHOULD BE UPDATED.'
modal + have been + past participle. 'A virus MIGHT HAVE BEEN INSTALLED.'
was/were being + past participle. 'Messages WERE BEING SENT all night.'
had been + past participle. 'By 10am the account HAD BEEN DELETED.'
tricked into typing details on a fake page
fake messages that steal login details
fake messages that steal your details
am/is/are being + past participle. 'My laptop IS BEING SCANNED.'
have/has been + past participle. 'My email HAS BEEN CHANGED.'
money given back
to create a new account
to give the money back
to tell the authorities about a crime or breach
to create a new password after forgetting it
subject + be + reporting verb (pp) + to-inf. '2FA IS SAID TO BLOCK 99% of attacks.'
to stop it from being used
object + BE + past participle (+ by + doer). 'Passwords WERE STOLEN.'
a second code alongside the password
a second code required alongside the password
a fix released to close a security hole
a short face-video used to prove identity
an online account holding cryptocurrency