Football player leaping in a floodlit stadium at night, crowd in warm red lights.
Unit 7 · On Stage

7A. Game on

B2 · 60–75 min · Apex English

Unit 7 · Quote
"You miss 100% of the shots you don't take."
Wayne Gretzky
Lesson goals

By the end you will…

  • Use PAST MODALS (must have, might/could have, can't have, should have) to speculate about the past and express regret or criticism.
  • Use WOULD RATHER (+ bare infinitive / + past subject + past simple) to express preferences.
  • Talk about sports, competition, results and officiating with B2-level vocabulary.
  • Pronounce HAVE as a weak /əv/ in past-modal chunks (must've, should've, could've, might've, can't've).
  • React to a match, race or contest with natural spoken English.
  • Write a short match report or opinion piece using past modals.
1. Warm-up

Warm-up · a sporting confession

5 min

Pick ONE prompt and answer for your partner in full sentences — 30 seconds each.

  1. #1The last live sports event I watched was…
  2. #2A sport I secretly wish I were better at is…
  3. #3The most unfair sports decision I remember is…
  4. #4One team or athlete I'd cross the street to avoid talking about is…
  5. #5A sport I've tried and immediately given up on is…

💬 Listen for any 'should have', 'must have' or 'would rather' — those are today's grammar.

2. Lead-in

Lead-in: reading the moment

8 min

Match each situation to the most likely deduction. Notice the past modal — is the speaker sure, half-sure, or sure NOT?

📌 Situation
  • 1. The visiting team walked off the pitch looking devastated.
  • 2. She crossed the line five seconds ahead of her personal best.
  • 3. The referee never blew for the obvious foul.
  • 4. The stadium is completely empty an hour before kick-off.
  • 5. He limped off in the tenth minute and didn't return.
  • 6. The champion lost 6–0, 6–0 in under an hour.
🔤 Deduction
  • a) He must have picked up an injury in training.
  • b) She must have trained really hard this season.
  • c) The game can't have started yet.
  • d) They must have lost.
  • e) He can't have seen it — he was blocked by the defender.
  • f) She can't have been fully fit — that's not her level.
✅ Show suggested matches
  • 1 → d · must have (near certainty, positive)
  • 2 → b · must have (near certainty, positive)
  • 3 → e · can't have (near certainty, negative)
  • 4 → c · can't have (near certainty, negative)
  • 5 → a · must have (near certainty, positive)
  • 6 → f · can't have (near certainty, negative)

💬 Rule of thumb: MUST HAVE = I'm 95% sure it happened. CAN'T HAVE = I'm 95% sure it didn't. MIGHT / COULD HAVE = maybe. SHOULD HAVE = it didn't happen and I wish it had.

Runner crossing a red-tape finish line at sunset with arms raised
3. Reading

Reading: the greatest comeback nobody expected

10 min

On the evening of the 25th of May, 2005, in the Atatürk Stadium in Istanbul, Liverpool were 3–0 down at half-time to AC Milan in the Champions League final. Nobody in the stadium, nobody watching at home, and probably nobody in the Liverpool dressing room believed they could still win. The Italian giants were considered untouchable that season, and, if you were being honest, Liverpool had been outplayed for forty-five minutes.

And yet, six minutes into the second half, the captain, Steven Gerrard, headed the ball into the net. Two minutes later, Vladimír Šmicer struck from long range. Three minutes after that, Xabi Alonso equalised from a rebounded penalty. In the space of six minutes, Liverpool had done what nobody thought they could: they had turned a lost final into a level game. The match went to penalties, and Liverpool lifted the cup.

What actually happened at half-time in that Liverpool dressing room has become one of football's favourite arguments. According to the manager, Rafa Benítez, he simply made a small tactical change and told the players they still had to walk out with pride. Others insist he must have delivered a legendary speech, and that Gerrard must have taken it personally. The truth is probably less dramatic. The players were exhausted and shocked. They can't have expected to come back. They just decided to try — one minute at a time.

Twenty years on, that game is still studied in coaching schools and business seminars, because it defies almost every idea we have about winners and losers. The Italian side did not play badly in the second half; Liverpool were simply braver in the moments that mattered. Should Milan have closed the game down? Yes, they probably should have sat deeper and killed the tempo. Could Liverpool have won earlier? Possibly, if that penalty had gone in first time. But the beauty of live sport is that we don't get to rewind. We only get to argue about what should have, might have and can't have happened — and that argument, honestly, is half the fun of watching.

Comprehension

  1. How were Liverpool doing at half-time?

  2. How long did the three Liverpool goals take?

  3. How did Liverpool finally win the match?

  4. What is the manager's own version of the half-time speech?

  5. What is the writer's point in the final paragraph?

Sports vocabulary in context

Match each expression to its closest meaning.

  • 3–0 down
  • outplayed
  • equalise
  • penalty shoot-out
  • lift the cup
  • close the game down
4. Vocabulary

Vocabulary: sports & competition

10 min

At B2, upgrade 'the game was good' with the specific verbs, results and officiating language native speakers use — the collocations matter more than single words.

People & roles

a rival
an opposing team or athlete you compete against
a referee / an umpire
the official who controls the game (football / tennis, cricket)
a coach / a manager
person who trains / runs the team
a spectator / a supporter / a fan
person watching / supporting the team
the reigning champion
the current title-holder
the underdog
the competitor everyone expects to lose

Verbs for competition

beat / defeat somebody
to win against someone (NOT 'win somebody')
draw (with)
finish with the same score — a tied result
score (a goal / a point)
to gain points
concede a goal / a penalty
to give one away to the opponent
compete against / take on
to face an opponent
retire / withdraw / drop out
to leave a competition

Officiating & rules

commit a foul
to break a rule against another player
give / show a yellow card
an official warning
get sent off / a red card
to be ordered to leave the pitch
award a penalty
to give a free kick from the penalty spot
disallow a goal
to decide a goal doesn't count
VAR (Video Assistant Referee)
video review of the referee's decision

Results & reactions

a thrashing
an easy, one-sided win (informal)
a comeback
recovering to win after losing badly
extra time / a shoot-out
additional periods to break a tie
sudden death
the first score wins
a walkover
a very easy win, almost no opposition
to be robbed (informal)
to feel you deserved to win but a bad decision cost you

Practice

Complete each sentence with the correct word or phrase from the box (correct form).

Word bank — drag or tap, then tap a gap
  1. The visiting team  drop  us 5–0 — it was a total thrashing.
  2. It ended 2–2. Neither side deserved to lose — a fair  drop .
  3. The captain got  drop  off in the first half — a very stupid tackle.
  4. We were 3–0 down at half-time, but we made an incredible  drop  to win 4–3.
  5. The  drop  awarded a penalty after a review from VAR.
  6. She was the  drop   drop  going into the final, but she lost to a teenager.
  7. The two  drop  have played each other in every final for a decade.
  8. They lost, but they felt they had been  drop  — the ref missed a clear foul.
5. Grammar focus

Grammar: past modals & would rather

15 min

1. Speculating about the past

MUST HAVE + past participle = you're almost sure it happened. • 'The stadium is empty — the game must have finished hours ago.' CAN'T HAVE / COULDN'T HAVE + past participle = you're almost sure it did NOT happen. • 'They can't have won — I just saw them come off looking upset.' MIGHT / MAY / COULD HAVE + past participle = it's possible; you're not sure. • 'She might have twisted her ankle in the warm-up.'

2. Regret & criticism about the past

SHOULD HAVE / OUGHT TO HAVE + past participle = it didn't happen (or it did, when it shouldn't have) — and you wish it had been different. • 'We should have trained harder' (we didn't). • 'You shouldn't have shouted at the referee' (you did). Negative: SHOULDN'T HAVE + past participle. ✗ 'I should had gone.' → ✓ 'I should have gone.' (should + BARE have + past participle)

3. WOULD RATHER — preferences

Two patterns: A) SAME subject → 'would rather' + BARE INFINITIVE. • 'I'd rather WATCH the game at home.' (I prefer to) • Negative: 'I'd rather NOT go to the pub.' B) DIFFERENT subjects → 'would rather' + SUBJECT + PAST SIMPLE. • 'I'd rather you STAYED here.' (I prefer that you stay) • 'She'd rather we DIDN'T talk about it.' Note the past-simple form has PRESENT / FUTURE meaning — this is a subjunctive.

4. Common mistakes

✗ He must had trained hard. → ✓ He must HAVE trained hard. ✗ I should of gone. → ✓ I should HAVE gone. ('should of' is a spelling of what people HEAR, but it's wrong.) ✗ I'd rather to stay home. → ✓ I'd rather STAY home. ✗ I'd rather you to leave. → ✓ I'd rather you LEFT. ✗ It can't be true — I saw them lose. → ✓ It can't HAVE BEEN true — I saw them lose. (past deduction needs 'have')

5. Contractions & pronunciation

In natural speech, HAVE almost always contracts and its vowel weakens to /əv/ or even just /v/. • must have → must've /ˈmʌstəv/ • should have → should've /ˈʃʊdəv/ • could have → could've, might have → might've • can't have → /ˈkɑːntəv/ This is what section 6 will train.

Exercise A — must have / can't have / might have

Complete each deduction with MUST HAVE, CAN'T HAVE or MIGHT HAVE + the verb in brackets.

  1. She's celebrating in the changing room — she ___ (win) the match.
  2. The lights are off and the gates are locked — the game ___ (finish) hours ago.
  3. It's still 0–0 at half-time — that boring, so it ___ (be) a great match.
  4. He's limping badly — he ___ (injure) himself in the second half.
  5. She looks devastated — they ___ (lose) the match.
  6. The stadium is completely empty — the fans ___ (arrive) yet.
  7. Nobody knows exactly what he said — but he ___ (give) a great half-time speech.
  8. The ref waved play on — he ___ (see) the foul.

Exercise B — should have / shouldn't have

Rewrite each situation using SHOULD HAVE or SHOULDN'T HAVE.

  1. We didn't train hard enough — that's why we lost.
  2. The coach substituted the top scorer in the sixtieth minute — that was a mistake.
  3. I stayed up late watching the match and I feel terrible today.
  4. The defender wasn't marking his player at the corner — he was completely free.
  5. The referee didn't check the video — the goal was clearly offside.
  6. They shouted at the ref and got a yellow card — that was a bad idea.

Exercise C — would rather (same or different subject?)

Choose the more natural completion.

  1. It's cold outside. I'd rather ___ home.
  2. The music is too loud. I'd rather you ___ it down.
  3. I'd rather we ___ about that yesterday's match — it's too painful.
  4. She's exhausted. She'd rather ___ than train tonight.
  5. I'd rather ___ to the game with you than watch it on TV alone.
  6. He's shy. He'd rather you ___ his name during the interview.

Exercise D — a fan's post-match rant

Complete the text using ONE form from the box (each used once).

must haveshould havecan't havemight haveshouldn't havewould rathercould havemust have beenshould have takenwouldn't have

Honestly, we (1) ___ won that game. We were the better side for eighty minutes. Their goalkeeper (2) ___ made three world-class saves — I've never seen a performance like it. The referee, on the other hand, (3) ___ blowing his whistle. He (4) ___ seen the elbow in the ninety-first minute; the whole stadium saw it. Our captain (5) ___ argued with the fourth official for so long — that yellow card will cost us next week.

Our striker (6) ___ that penalty; he's been in poor form all season. And their winger — the one who scored the winner — (7) ___ trained a lot at set-pieces, because that free-kick was unstoppable. If we'd defended just a little deeper in the last five minutes, we (8) ___ conceded at all.

Anyway, next week we play the league leaders away. I (9) ___ not think about it right now, honestly. The manager (10) ___ furious in the dressing room. I don't envy him.

6. Pronunciation

Pronunciation: the weak form of HAVE

8 min

In past modals, HAVE is UNSTRESSED — the vowel weakens to /ə/ and often disappears. That's why 'should have' and 'should've' sound identical, and why people MISTAKENLY write 'should of'. Getting this right instantly makes your English more natural.

  • Full form: 'have' /hæv/. Weak form in modals: /əv/ or /v/. The 'h' usually disappears.
  • must have → 'MUS-tuv' (/ˈmʌstəv/). Stress on MUST. HAVE almost vanishes.
  • should have → 'SHOULD-uv' (/ˈʃʊdəv/). Never 'should of'.
  • could have → 'COULD-uv'. might have → 'MIGHT-uv'.
  • can't have → 'CAN-tuv'. Keep the /t/ clear, then the weak /əv/.
  • Rule of thumb: if you can't hear the H, that's usually correct native speech.

Listen and repeat (weak-form drill)

Play the drill twice. First time exaggerate the stress. Second time, say each sentence at natural, mumbled speed.

🎧 Weak-form HAVE drill — listen and repeat
  • He must've known. ('MUS-tuv known')
  • She should've called. ('SHOULD-uv called')
  • They can't've finished. ('CAN-tuv finished')
  • You might've won. ('MIGHT-uv won')
  • We could've gone. ('COULD-uv gone')
  • The ref must've made a mistake.
  • She should've trained harder.
  • They can't've beaten us that easily.

Practice — say it fast, say it weak

Read each sentence aloud with a partner. Focus on making HAVE almost disappear.

  1. I should've booked the tickets earlier.
  2. He must've forgotten about the match.
  3. They can't have played the whole game like that.
  4. You could've told me before I bought the shirt.
  5. She might've won if she hadn't slipped.
  6. We shouldn't have left before extra time.
7. Listening

Listening: post-match argument

12 min

Two friends argue about last night's final. Notice how many past modals and 'would rather' constructions they use.

🎧 Two friends — post-match argument

Before you listen

  • Predict: who do the speakers support — the winning or the losing side?
  • How likely are they to blame the referee, the coach, or their own players?
Show transcript

Speaker A:Did you see the final last night? What a game!

Speaker B:I know! I can't believe we lost. The ref must have been asleep.

Speaker A:Come on, that's not fair. Our defender should have marked him. He was completely unmarked at the back post.

Speaker B:Maybe. But that penalty in the second half — they can't have deserved that. It was never a foul.

Speaker A:I disagree. He definitely tripped him. He might have got a touch on the ball first, but his leg was out.

Speaker B:Well, we've thrown away the title. We were ten points clear in November.

Speaker A:I'd rather not talk about it, honestly. It's too painful.

Speaker B:Yeah, sorry. So — extra time is on Sunday. Are you coming to watch?

Speaker A:I'd rather watch it at home this time. Last time I went to the pub I lost my voice for three days.

Speaker B:Fair enough. My money's on a draw.

Speaker A:No chance. Someone has to win.

First listen — gist

  1. What was the overall result for the team the speakers support?
  2. Who does Sam blame first?
  3. What does Alex prefer to do about Sunday's extra-time match?

Second listen — detail

  1. Where should their defender have been standing?
  2. What does Sam say about the penalty in the second half?
  3. What does Alex say the attacker might have done first?
  4. How big was their team's lead in November?
  5. Why doesn't Alex want to go to the pub for the match?
  6. What is Sam's prediction for the extra-time match?
🎧 Authentic Listening · real voices

Mental fitness in elite sport — Simone Biles and the twisties

Source: VOA Learning English — Sports report (adapted) · Adapted from VOA Learning English (public domain)

B1–B2 · slowed news English≈ 2:00

A short VOA-style report on Simone Biles, Tokyo 2020, Paris 2024 and the rise of 'mental fitness' in sport. Listen first without the transcript.

Tip: listen ONCE for gist (general meaning), then again with the transcript hidden for detail. Open the transcript only for a third listen.

1. Listen for gist

  • In one sentence, what is the report about?
  • Why did some people criticise Biles at first?
  • What did her comeback in Paris symbolise?

2. Listen for detail

  1. What sport does Simone Biles compete in?
  2. What is the condition called that made her withdraw in Tokyo?
  3. How many medals did she win at the Paris Games?
  4. Which other sports does the report mention?
  5. According to some coaches, what can an athlete who ignores mental health NOT have?
  6. What is the report's final message to young athletes?

3. Glossary

withdraw
to pull out of a competition
the twisties
a mental block gymnasts get in the air
burnout
physical/mental exhaustion from overwork
mental fitness
psychological readiness and health for competition
spread beyond
start to affect other areas as well
📄 Show full transcript

From VOA Learning English, this is the Sports report.

The Olympic Games have always celebrated the world's finest athletes. But behind every gold medal, there is a story of years of training, sacrifice, and, sometimes, second chances.

Take the example of American gymnast Simone Biles. In two thousand twenty-one, at the Tokyo Olympics, Biles withdrew from several events. She said she was suffering from a condition gymnasts call the twisties, when the mind and body lose their sense of orientation in mid-air. Critics said she should have kept competing. Her coach said she made the right decision. She might have won more medals, but she also might have been seriously injured.

Three years later, at the Paris Games, Biles returned. She won three gold medals and one silver. Her performance became a symbol of what athletes now call mental fitness — the idea that champions must protect their minds as carefully as their bodies.

Sport psychologists say the change is spreading beyond gymnastics. Tennis players, footballers and swimmers now openly discuss anxiety, burnout and the pressure of winning. Some coaches now argue that an athlete who ignores mental health can't have a long career — no matter how talented.

For young athletes, the message is clear. Winning matters. But knowing when to rest, and when to speak up, matters just as much.

That is the Sports report. I'm Bryan Lynn.

4. Discuss in pairs

  • Do you think Biles was RIGHT to withdraw in Tokyo? Would you have?
  • Is 'mental fitness' finally being taken seriously in sport in YOUR country?
  • Which is harder to train — the body or the mind?
8. Speaking

Speaking: 'the game / race / match I'll never forget'

10 min

In pairs, tell a story about ONE sports moment (as a player OR fan). You MUST use: (a) 1× must have, (b) 1× should have or shouldn't have, (c) 1× might/could have, (d) 1× would rather, (e) 2 sports vocab words from section 4.

Step 1
The event
'The match I want to talk about was…'
Step 2
The turning point
'And then, in the last minute…'
Step 3
A deduction
'The other team must have…'
Step 4
A regret
'We should have… / I shouldn't have…'
Step 5
A preference for next time
'Next time, I'd rather…'
👀 Show model story

The match I'll never forget was a school-league basketball final. We were seven points down with two minutes to go. Our captain — who normally never scored — hit three consecutive three-pointers, and we won by two. Honestly, he must have practised in secret for weeks, because he wasn't that player during the season. Our coach should have started him from the beginning; he shouldn't have kept him on the bench for the first quarter. Anyway, we lifted the little school cup and I cried like a child. Next time I go back to that school gym, I'd rather sit in the crowd than play — I'm 34 now and I'd embarrass myself.

🏆 Extra ⭐ if you slip in a natural 'can't have' AND make HAVE weak throughout.

9. Writing

Writing mini-task — 'my post-match verdict' (100–120 words)

5 min (or homework)

Write a short opinion piece about a real (or imagined) match. You MUST use: 2× MUST/CAN'T HAVE, 2× SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE, 1× WOULD RATHER, and 3 sports vocab words from section 4. Underline every target structure.

Referee holding up a yellow card in a red-lit stadium
10. Wrap-up

Wrap-up · three whistle-blast prompts

3 min

Three quick prompts. Pick ONE and finish it out loud. Class votes on the sharpest verdict.

Row 1 · Whistle 1 — the verdict
The most unfair result I've ever seen must have been…
Row 2 · Whistle 2 — the regret
A sport I really should have kept practising is…
Row 3 · Whistle 3 — the preference
Given the choice, I'd rather watch ___ than ___.
🎮 Games arena

Play to remember

Two quick games. Earn up to ⭐⭐⭐ stars on each.

🃏 Past modals & sports flashcards

1 / 20

Click to reveal the meaning

⚽ Match: past modals & competition vocab (60s)

60s0/8

Tap a word on the left, then its meaning on the right. Beat the clock!

Challenge

End-of-lesson quiz · Game on

15 questions · 70% to pass · instant feedback after you submit.

  1. Q1.'The stadium is empty and the lights are off. The game ___ hours ago.'

  2. Q2.'She looks so happy. She ___ the race.'

  3. Q3.'They ___ that easily — they're the reigning champions.'

  4. Q4.'We lost 4–0. We ___ harder in training.'

  5. Q5.'You ___ at the referee — that's why you got the yellow card.'

  6. Q6.Which sentence is CORRECT?

  7. Q7.'I'd rather ___ home tonight — I'm exhausted.'

  8. Q8.'I'd rather you ___ about that match — it's too painful.'

  9. Q9.In natural speech, 'must have known' sounds most like…

  10. Q10.Which verb collocates with 'a penalty' in football?

  11. Q11.The competitor everyone expects to LOSE is called…

  12. Q12.Losing 2–2 is called…

  13. Q13.Listening recall — how big was the team's lead in November?

  14. Q14.Listening recall — why does Alex prefer to watch the extra-time match at home?

  15. Q15.Which is the correct past-modal spelling?

0/15 answered

📚 Homework

Practise at home

Open the Workbook for extra exercises with answer keys — past modals, would rather, sports vocab, dictation and the weak form of HAVE.