Silhouette listening to music with headphones over a warm city skyline at night.
Unit 6 · Sound & Vision

6B. Soundtracks

B2 · 60–75 min · Apex English

Unit 6 · Quote
"Without music, life would be a mistake."
Friedrich Nietzsche
Lesson goals

By the end you will…

  • Choose correctly between the gerund (-ing) and the infinitive (to + verb) after common verbs.
  • Use the -ing form after prepositions and as the subject of a sentence.
  • Notice verbs whose meaning CHANGES depending on gerund vs infinitive (stop, remember, try, forget).
  • Talk about music, instruments and concerts using B2-level vocabulary and collocations.
  • Pronounce common loanwords accurately (cappuccino, karaoke, genre, ballet, chorizo, debut…).
  • Give personal opinions about music using verb + gerund/infinitive patterns naturally.
1. Warm-up

Warm-up · the soundtrack of your life

5 min

Pick ONE prompt below and answer for your partner — full sentence, 30 seconds. No dictionaries.

  1. #1One song I love singing in the shower is…
  2. #2One song I refuse to listen to ever again is…
  3. #3The first concert I remember going to was…
  4. #4The instrument I've always wanted to learn to play is…
  5. #5The song that always makes me want to dance is…
  6. #6The song I associate with my teenage years is…

💬 Notice how every sentence used a verb followed by another verb — 'love singing', 'refuse to listen', 'want to learn'. That's the grammar of today's lesson.

2. Lead-in

Lead-in: verbs & their favourite partners

8 min

Match each sentence-start to the most natural ending. Notice: does the second verb end in -ING or in the infinitive (to + verb)?

📌 Situation
  • 1. I really enjoy…
  • 2. I've decided…
  • 3. I can't stand…
  • 4. I'd love…
  • 5. I don't mind…
  • 6. I've always wanted…
🔤 Sentence stem
  • a) …to learn the piano before I turn fifty.
  • b) …listening to old jazz records on Sunday mornings.
  • c) …to take singing lessons next month.
  • d) …people talking through a live concert.
  • e) …paying a bit more for tickets if the sound is good.
  • f) …to sing on a real stage — just once.
✅ Show suggested matches
  • 1 → b · enjoy + -ing
  • 2 → c · decide + to + infinitive
  • 3 → d · can't stand + -ing
  • 4 → f · would love + to + infinitive
  • 5 → e · don't mind + -ing
  • 6 → a · want + to + infinitive

💬 Rule of thumb: verbs about LIKES and FEELINGS (enjoy, mind, hate, can't stand, love, like) prefer -ING. Verbs about DECISIONS and PLANS (decide, want, hope, plan, promise) prefer TO + infinitive. Today's lesson maps the rest.

Hands playing an acoustic guitar in warm sunlight
3. Reading

Reading: why a soundtrack changes everything

10 min

In 1975, a young Steven Spielberg screened a rough cut of a shark film to a small test audience in Los Angeles. The reaction, by his own account, was polite. Not scared. The camera work was good, the shark was menacing enough, but nobody left the room saying they had been terrified. Something was missing.

That something arrived a few weeks later, delivered by a slightly bored composer named John Williams, who sat down at a piano and played just two notes. E and F. Over and over. Slow at first, then faster. Faster. Spielberg is said to have laughed. 'That's it? That's the shark?' Williams nodded. Spielberg screened the film again with those two notes underneath, and the audience finally screamed.

The story of 'Jaws' is now a small legend in film schools, but the underlying point is bigger than one movie. Music does not decorate a story. It tells us HOW to feel about it. A cheerful piano behind a car chase turns it into comedy. A single low string behind a smiling face turns it into a threat. Filmmakers know this, and often begin cutting a scene with music already playing in their headphones — because the music, more than the words or the shots, decides the rhythm.

You experience this every day, whether you notice it or not. Shops choose slow music to make you spend longer inside, and fast music to make you finish your meal quickly and leave. Airlines use slow, warm music while you're boarding, because it lowers heart rates and reduces conflict. The gym next door does the opposite, because nobody deadlifts to lullabies.

In our own lives, we do the same thing without noticing. We put on one playlist for cleaning, another for driving at night, another for the morning we finally decide to change our life. The music we choose becomes the soundtrack we live inside — and, quietly, it starts writing the script.

So the next time you feel unaccountably heroic while walking to the shops, don't be surprised. Check what's in your headphones. You may not have written the score of your life, but you did press play.

Comprehension

  1. What was 'missing' from the first screening of Jaws?

  2. What did John Williams play at the piano?

  3. According to the text, music in a film mainly…

  4. Why do many shops play slow music?

  5. What is the writer's final point about the music in our headphones?

Music vocabulary in context

Match each word from the text to its closest meaning.

  • rough cut
  • score (n)
  • menacing
  • underneath (music)
  • playlist
  • cheerful
4. Vocabulary

Vocabulary: music, instruments and concerts

10 min

At B2, upgrade 'I like music' with the specific verbs, instruments and collocations native speakers use. Focus on the phrases, not just single words.

Instruments & musicians

the piano / the guitar / the violin
instruments take THE: 'play THE piano'
a pianist / guitarist / violinist / drummer
the person who plays it
a singer-songwriter
someone who writes and sings their own songs
a conductor
person who directs an orchestra
a DJ
person who selects and plays recorded music at events
brass / strings / woodwind / percussion
families of orchestral instruments

Verbs for music

compose / write (a song, a piece)
create original music
perform (live)
play or sing in front of an audience
release (an album / a single)
publish it for people to hear
cover (a song)
record your own version of someone else's song
rehearse
practise before a performance
hum / whistle / hum along
make musical sounds with your mouth

Live music

a gig / a concert / a festival
small / medium / large live-music event
the audience / the crowd
the people watching
an encore
extra song(s) at the end after applause
a soundcheck
test of the equipment before the show
sold out
no more tickets available
backstage
behind the stage; where the band waits

Feelings & opinions

catchy (adj)
easy to remember; gets stuck in your head
moving (adj)
makes you feel strong emotion
upbeat (adj)
cheerful, positive
cheesy (adj)
trying too hard to be emotional; corny
a genre
a category of music (jazz, hip-hop, folk…)
a soundtrack
the music of a film / a period of your life

Practice

Complete each sentence with the correct expression from the box (correct form).

Word bank — drag or tap, then tap a gap
  1. The band played three  drop  at the end — the crowd wouldn't let them leave.
  2. She's a singer- drop  from Iceland; she writes everything she performs.
  3. The concert was  drop  within an hour of tickets going on sale.
  4. It's such a  drop  chorus — I've had it in my head all week.
  5. He's  drop  an album of jazz standards next month.
  6. The  drop  went wild when they played the opening riff.
  7. I'd love to play the  drop  one day — even three chords would be enough.
  8. The film  drop  was so  drop  I actually cried in the cinema.
5. Grammar focus

Grammar: gerunds and infinitives

15 min

1. Verbs followed by -ING (the gerund)

Common verbs of LIKES, DISLIKES, START/STOP and everyday routine take -ING. • enjoy, love, like, don't mind, hate, can't stand, dislike • finish, stop, give up, keep (on), avoid, put off, mind • miss, imagine, suggest, admit, deny, practise, spend time Examples: I ENJOY LISTENING to jazz. She AVOIDS GOING to loud clubs. He KEPT PLAYING the same chord.

2. Verbs followed by TO + infinitive

Common verbs of DECISIONS, PLANS, WANTS and PROMISES take TO + infinitive. • want, would like, decide, hope, plan, expect, agree, refuse • promise, offer, learn, seem, tend, manage, afford • need, choose, ask, arrange, pretend Examples: I WANT TO LEARN the piano. She DECIDED TO QUIT the band. They REFUSED TO PLAY without a soundcheck.

3. Verbs followed by BARE infinitive (no 'to')

After modal verbs: I MUST PRACTISE. I CAN PLAY the guitar. After 'let' and 'make' (active): My teacher LET me CHOOSE the song. She MADE me REHEARSE for hours. After 'would rather' and 'had better': I'd RATHER STAY home. You'd BETTER LEAVE now.

4. -ING after prepositions and as SUBJECT

After ANY preposition, English uses -ING. • I'm interested IN LEARNING the drums. • Thanks FOR COMING to the show. • She's good AT SINGING harmonies. ✗ 'I'm good at sing.' → ✓ 'I'm good at SINGING.' When a verb starts a sentence (as subject), use -ING: 'LEARNING an instrument takes years.' (not 'To learn…')

5. Verbs that CHANGE meaning: stop, remember, forget, try, mean, regret

STOP + -ING = stop that activity. STOP + TO = pause in order to do something. • I STOPPED SMOKING (I don't smoke any more). • I STOPPED TO SMOKE (I paused what I was doing so I could smoke). REMEMBER + -ING = remember a past action. REMEMBER + TO = don't forget a future action. • I REMEMBER MEETING her at a gig. (memory of the past) • Please REMEMBER TO BRING your ticket. (future duty) TRY + -ING = experiment. TRY + TO = make an effort. • I TRIED PLAYING it slower. (experiment) vs. I TRIED TO PLAY it, but failed.

6. Verbs that take BOTH with (almost) the same meaning

Some verbs are fine with either form: BEGIN, START, CONTINUE, LIKE, LOVE, HATE, PREFER. • It started RAINING = It started TO RAIN. (identical) • I like GOING to concerts = I like TO GO to concerts. (very similar) In American English, 'like/love/hate + to' is slightly more common; in British English, 'like/love/hate + -ING' is slightly more common. Both are correct.

7. Common mistakes

✗ I enjoy to listen to music. → ✓ I enjoy LISTENING to music. ✗ I want listening to the new album. → ✓ I want TO LISTEN to the new album. ✗ I'm interested in learn the drums. → ✓ I'm interested in LEARNING the drums. ✗ To play the piano is difficult at first. → ✓ PLAYING the piano is difficult at first. ✗ I stopped smoke last year. → ✓ I stopped SMOKING last year.

Exercise A — -ING or TO + infinitive?

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form.

  1. I've decided (learn) ___ the guitar this year.
  2. She really enjoys (listen) ___ to classical music.
  3. We can't afford (go) ___ to the festival this summer.
  4. Would you mind (turn) ___ the volume down?
  5. He's promised (rehearse) ___ every day this month.
  6. I'm no good at (sing) ___ in front of people.
  7. They kept (play) ___ the same song all night.
  8. It's important (arrive) ___ before the doors close.

Exercise B — verbs that CHANGE meaning

Choose the more logical option.

  1. I remember ___ that song when I was a teenager — it takes me straight back.
  2. Please remember ___ the tickets — we can't get in without them.
  3. She stopped ___ the piano after her mother died. She just couldn't.
  4. On the way home, he stopped ___ a coffee.
  5. I've tried ___ the song at a slower tempo — it works much better.
  6. I tried ___ him, but his phone was off.

Exercise C — spot & fix the mistake

Each sentence has ONE mistake. Rewrite it correctly.

  1. I enjoy to go to live concerts.
  2. She's decided learning the violin.
  3. Thanks for invite me to the gig.
  4. To play an instrument is a great hobby.
  5. I stopped to smoke five years ago and I feel great.
  6. Remember buying milk on your way home!

Exercise D — a musician's confession

Complete the paragraph with ONE form from the box (each used once — either -ING or the infinitive of the verb given).

learningto give upplayingto becomepractisingto pretendstartingto playhearingperforming

I started (1) ___ the violin when I was seven, mostly because my mother made me. I hated (2) ___ scales, and by twelve I had decided (3) ___ completely. My teacher, however, refused (4) ___ that I wanted to quit. He suggested (5) ___ folk music instead of classical — and within a month I was addicted.

Twenty years later, I still remember (6) ___ that first folk tune. It changed everything. I never planned (7) ___ a professional musician; I only wanted to feel that same joy again. These days I spend most of my week (8) ___ small cafés and folk clubs. It's not a huge career, but it's mine. And I still enjoy (9) ___ new tunes — every week, a new song.

If a child asked me for advice, I'd probably tell them (10) ___ properly for at least half an hour a day, and never to let anyone tell them that music is a waste of time.

6. Pronunciation

Pronunciation: words from other languages (loanwords)

8 min

English is full of words borrowed from other languages — Italian, French, Japanese, Spanish. The tricky part is that English usually keeps the SPELLING but changes the SOUNDS, syllable count and stress. Getting these right instantly makes your English sound more polished.

  • Italian loanwords (cappuccino, concerto, aria, a cappella): 'cc' before 'i/e' is /tʃ/ — 'cappu-CHEE-no'.
  • French loanwords (ballet, genre, chauffeur, croissant, rendezvous, debut): often KEEP a French-style /ʒ/ (genre = 'ZHON-ruh'); final consonants are OFTEN SILENT (ballet = 'BAL-ay', debut = 'DAY-byoo').
  • Japanese loanwords (karaoke, karate, sushi, tsunami): pronounce every vowel — karaoke has FOUR syllables in English: /ka-ri-OH-ki/.
  • Spanish loanwords (chorizo, jalapeño, taco): 'ch' is /tʃ/ or /ʃ/ (chorizo = 'cho-REE-zoh' or 'cho-REE-soh'); 'j' is /h/ (jalapeño = 'ha-la-PEH-nyoh').
  • Word stress often SHIFTS when a word is borrowed. When in doubt, listen and repeat: your ear is faster than any rule.

Listen and repeat (loanwords drill)

Play the drill twice. First time, exaggerate the stressed syllable. Second time, say each word at natural speed.

🎧 Loanword drill — listen and repeat
  • 🇮🇹 cappu-CHEE-no · con-CHER-toh · A-ria · a ca-PPE-la
  • 🇫🇷 BAL-ay · ZHON-ruh · sho-FUR · KWA-son · RON-day-voo · DAY-byoo
  • 🇯🇵 ka-ri-OH-ki · ka-RAH-tay · SOO-shi · tsoo-NAH-mi
  • 🇪🇸 cho-REE-zoh · ha-la-PEH-nyoh · TAH-koh
  • It was her de-BYOO al-bum — a mix of gen-res.
  • We ordered a cap-pu-CHEE-no and a crois-SANT.

Practice — loanword sentences

Read each sentence aloud with a partner. Whisper the tricky word first, then say the sentence naturally.

  1. The KA-ra-o-ke bar didn't open until midnight.
  2. She ordered a CAP-pu-CHEE-no and a CROIS-sant.
  3. His DE-but album was a mix of jazz and folk GEN-res.
  4. The BAL-let dancer performed to a JA-panese SOUND-track.
  5. We shared JA-la-PE-ño tacos and cho-RI-zo tapas.
  6. The a ca-PPE-lla group sang an ARIA from a famous opera.
7. Listening

Listening: the concert I didn't plan to go to

12 min

Two friends catch up after one of them went to a last-minute gig. Notice how the conversation is FULL of verb + gerund / infinitive combinations.

🎧 Two friends — the last-minute gig

Before you listen

  • When was the last time you went to a live music event that you hadn't planned on?
  • Predict: does the speaker who used to play piano plan to start again?
Show transcript

Speaker A:So how was the gig last night? Was it worth the queue?

Speaker B:Honestly, incredible. I hadn't planned on going. I only decided to go about two hours before, and now I can't stop thinking about it.

Speaker A:That's the best kind of concert. Which band was it?

Speaker B:A jazz-fusion quartet from Tokyo. I'd never heard of them, but a friend kept insisting I go.

Speaker A:I love discovering new music like that. I'm actually thinking about learning an instrument again.

Speaker B:Really? You used to play the piano, didn't you?

Speaker A:For about eight years. I stopped after uni. I regret giving it up, to be honest. I'd love to start playing again.

Speaker B:So do it. You don't need to be brilliant. Just enjoy playing.

Speaker A:I know. I keep promising myself I'll practise thirty minutes a day. And then I end up scrolling instead.

Speaker B:Try leaving the piano open. If it's there, you'll play it. That's what got me back into guitar.

Speaker A:Good idea. Music makes everything feel lighter, doesn't it? I can't imagine living without it.

Speaker B:Same. It's the one thing I refuse to give up.

First listen — gist

  1. What did one speaker do the previous night?
  2. What is the other speaker thinking about starting again?
  3. What tip does the guitarist give for actually practising?

Second listen — detail

  1. How long before the concert did they decide to go?
  2. Where was the band from?
  3. How many years did the other speaker play the piano?
  4. What do they promise themselves — and fail — to do every day?
  5. What do they do instead?
  6. What is the guitarist's overall attitude to music?
🎧 Authentic Listening · real voices

Why music moves us — the McGill dopamine study

Source: VOA Learning English — Health & Lifestyle (adapted) · Adapted from VOA Learning English (public domain)

B1–B2 · slowed news English≈ 2:00

A short VOA-style report on the McGill University study of music and dopamine. Listen first without the transcript.

Tip: listen ONCE for gist (general meaning), then again with the transcript hidden for detail. Open the transcript only for a third listen.

1. Listen for gist

  • In one sentence, what did the McGill study discover?
  • Why was the finding significant?
  • What advantage did musicians have in the brain scans?

2. Listen for detail

  1. Where was the study carried out?
  2. What technology did the researchers use?
  3. Which chemical did the brain release at the emotional peak of a song?
  4. What two everyday pleasures does the report compare music to?
  5. Who was the lead researcher?
  6. What is the report's take-home message for the listener?

3. Glossary

scanner
a machine that takes detailed images (of the brain)
striking
very noticeable, surprising
peak
the highest point
reward
something pleasant given for a behaviour
survival value
usefulness for staying alive
📄 Show full transcript

From VOA Learning English, this is the Health and Lifestyle report.

Why does music move us so powerfully? A team of neuroscientists at McGill University in Montreal set out to answer that very question.

Using brain scanners, they watched what happened inside the minds of volunteers as they listened to their favourite songs.

The results were striking. The moment a piece of music reached its emotional peak, the brain released dopamine — the same chemical that rewards us for eating chocolate or falling in love.

The lead researcher, Doctor Valorie Salimpoor, said the discovery was significant because music has no obvious survival value. It is not food. It is not shelter. And yet the human brain treats a favourite melody the same way it treats basic pleasure.

The team also found that people who regularly played an instrument had stronger connections between the two halves of the brain.

So if you have been thinking about picking up the guitar again, or learning the piano for the first time, the science is on your side.

That is the Health and Lifestyle report. I'm Bryan Lynn.

4. Discuss in pairs

  • Which song reliably triggers your 'dopamine moment'?
  • Would you rather LISTEN to great music every day or PLAY an instrument (badly) every day?
  • If music has no survival value, why do you think every human culture invents it?
8. Speaking

Speaking: 'One song, one memory'

10 min

In pairs, describe ONE song that means something to you. You MUST use: (a) 2× -ING after a verb (enjoy / love / can't stand + -ing), (b) 1× TO + infinitive (want / decide / hope), (c) 1× -ING after a preposition, (d) 2 music vocab words from section 4. Partner ⭐ each.

Step 1
The song
'The song I want to talk about is…'
Step 2
When you first heard it
'I remember hearing it for the first time…'
Step 3
How it makes you feel
'I can't stand hearing it now / I love singing it…'
Step 4
A memory attached to it
'It reminds me of…'
Step 5
One recommendation
'You should try listening to…'
👀 Show model pitch

The song I want to talk about is 'Wonderwall' by Oasis — cheesy, I know. I remember hearing it for the first time on a school bus at twelve. Everyone was singing along, and I was pretending to know the words. Honestly, I can't stand hearing it in a shopping centre now — it's been played to death. But I still love singing it at karaoke with old friends. It reminds me of that specific week when I was thirteen and thought I was going to be in a band. You should try listening to their acoustic version — much less annoying. It's actually quite moving.

🏆 Extra ⭐ if you naturally slip in a 'stop / remember / try' with BOTH forms — showing the meaning changes.

9. Writing

Writing mini-task — 'The soundtrack of my life' (100–120 words)

5 min (or homework)

Choose THREE songs — one for your childhood, one for your teenage years, one for now. In a short paragraph, explain what each song reminds you of. You MUST use: at least 3 verb + -ING structures, 2 verb + TO + infinitive structures, 1 -ING after a preposition. Underline every target structure.

Jazz quartet playing on a dim stage under amber lights
10. Wrap-up

Wrap-up · three encore prompts

3 min

Three quick prompts. Pick ONE and finish it out loud. Class votes on the most memorable answer.

Row 1 · Encore 1 — the song
The song I never get tired of listening to is…
Row 2 · Encore 2 — the plan
One instrument I'm planning to (finally) learn to play is…
Row 3 · Encore 3 — the confession
One 'cheesy' song I secretly love singing is…
🎮 Games arena

Play to remember

Two quick games. Earn up to ⭐⭐⭐ stars on each.

🃏 Gerunds, infinitives & music flashcards

1 / 20

Click to reveal the meaning

🎶 Match: verb patterns & music vocab (60s)

60s0/8

Tap a word on the left, then its meaning on the right. Beat the clock!

Challenge

End-of-lesson quiz · Soundtracks

13 questions · 70% to pass · instant feedback after you submit.

  1. Q1.Choose the correct form: 'I really enjoy ___ to live music.'

  2. Q2.Choose the correct form: 'She's decided ___ the guitar this year.'

  3. Q3.Choose the correct form: 'I'm interested in ___ the piano.'

  4. Q4.Which sentence is CORRECT?

  5. Q5.'I remember ___ that song when I was a teenager — it takes me back.'

  6. Q6.'Please remember ___ the tickets — we can't get in without them.'

  7. Q7.'She stopped ___ the piano after her mother died.' (she no longer plays)

  8. Q8.'On the way home, he stopped ___ a coffee.'

  9. Q9.Which verb is normally followed by -ING?

  10. Q10.Which verb is normally followed by TO + infinitive?

  11. Q11.Which loanword pronunciation is CORRECT?

  12. Q12.'Cappuccino' is pronounced…

  13. Q13.Listening recall — where was the band the friend saw from?

0/13 answered

📚 Homework

Practise at home

Open the Workbook for extra exercises with answer keys — gerunds and infinitives, music vocab, dictation and loanword pronunciation.